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James A Dinsmoor
James “Jim” A. Dinsmoor (October 4, 1921 – August 25, 2005) was an influential experimental psychologist who published work in the field of the experimental analysis of behavior. He was born October 4, 1921 in Woburn, Massachusetts to Daniel and Jean Dinsmoor.〔Beane, G. () ''James “Jim” A. Dinsmoor''〕 He graduated with his bachelor’s degree from Dartmouth College in 1943.〔 Subsequently, he attended Columbia University in New York City, where he received his Master’s and PhD degrees under the mentorship of William N. Schoenfeld and Fred S. Keller. There, he was introduced to the work of B.F. Skinner, whose behavior analytic research inspired Dinsmoor to pursue a lifetime of research in conditioned responding.〔Timberlake, W. (2007). James A. Dinsmoor (1921–2005): Questions of Science and Life. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 87(1), 1-4.〕
== Professional life ==
Throughout his lifetime, Dinsmoor’s work expanded upon B.F. Skinner’s study of operant conditioning. Skinner’s work had a profound effect on James Dinsmoor, who described the work of Skinner as the “bare bones heart” of psychology.〔 In line with Skinner’s work, Dinsmoor’s first published study compared the discriminative and reinforcing functions of a stimulus.〔Dinsmoor, J. A. (1950). A quantitative comparison of the discriminative and reinforcing functions of a stimulus. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 40(4), 458-472. doi:10.1037/h0056266〕 Reinforcing stimuli are stimuli that are provided that increase the rate of behavior. Discriminative stimuli are defined as stimuli that signal the ''availability'' of reinforcement. For example, a mother might ring a dinner bell only when dinner is available, and this leads her children to come inside the house to get the meal. The dinner bell is the reinforcing stimulus (the children will come inside of the house again when they want food), and the dinner bell is the discriminative stimulus (the children know food is available when the dinner bell rings) (see Stimulus Control). In James Dinsmoor’s first work, he compared the rate at which behavior (bar-pressing for food among rats) decreased over time in the presence of a discriminative stimulus without reinforcement, a reinforcing stimulus without the discriminative stimulus, and in the presence of no stimulus. He found that responses decreased over time at a slower rate when a discriminative stimulus was present, even without reinforcement, and concluded that discriminative stimuli act as a filter, or a kind of secondary reinforcement.〔
Dinsmoor’s first work was just one of a long list of works on the secondary environmental characteristics that lead to changes in behavior, which he studied throughout his lifetime (see Bibliography). James Dinsmoor first researched these ideas for two years at Columbia University, where he worked as a lecturer, before he accepted a job at Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana in 1951. He worked as a professor at Indiana University for 34 years,〔 where he conducted numerous projects examining basic behavioral processes, especially discrimination learning in the area of negative reinforcement.〔 In general, Dinsmoor’s work was influential in the development of scientific knowledge on stimulus control. His work allowed for a formation of a narrative on the differential effects of various types of stimulus control techniques on differing behaviors.〔Dinsmoor, J. A. (1995a). Stimulus control: I. The Behavior Analyst, 18(1), 51-68.〕〔Dinsmoor, J. A. (1995b). Stimulus control: II. The Behavior Analyst, 18(2), 253-269.〕 James Dinsmoor worked with apparatuses that provided reinforcers (e.g., food) and punishers (e.g., electric shock) to laboratory animals. He knew how to build this equipment himself, and often insisted that his graduate students learn to do the same.〔
James Dinsmoor was also heavily involved in scholarly communities through his role as an experimental psychologist. He served in a leadership role in a number of psychological institutions, such as the Midwestern Psychological Association (President and Secretary-Treasurer), Division 25 (behavior analysis division) of the American Psychological Association (multiple positions), and the Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior (President and Chairman of the Board).〔 Early in his career, he helped organize the creation of the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, which is still in circulation today.〔
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